The physical effects of these cancers may result in social withdrawal and poor emotional expression rendering HNC patients more prone to depression or anxiety than those with other cancers. HNCs affect body parts visible to the outside world and are responsible for the most fundamental, life sustaining functions such as speech, eating, swallowing and breathing. Of all people with cancer, those diagnosed with head and neck cancer (HNC) experience high rates of depression and anxiety during and after treatment, due to the location of the cancer and its impact on appearance and critical functions. A cancer diagnosis can evoke existential distress, and necessitate an acceptance of uncertainty. The identified PROMs will help researchers and health professionals in clinical-decision making, thereby potentially improving quality of life in HNC patients.ĭiagnosis of any life-threatening illness can result in multiple emotional and psychological reactions. It is important to have PROMs assessing psychological distress that capture a comprehensive set of subjective symptoms. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Zung Self-rating Depression and Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scales demonstrated good content coverage along with excellent psychometric properties, and thus were considered the most suitable PROMs to assess psychological distress in HNC populations. Three anxiety and seven depression measures had established clinical cut-offs in cancer populations. Demonstration of psychometric properties against COSMIN criteria ranged from 57% to 71% for anxiety measures (three PROMs > 70%) and from 29% to 86% for depression measures (nine PROMs > 70%). Content coverage of anxiety measures ranged from 50% to 75% and depression measures from 42% to 100%. PROM database searches retrieved an additional four anxiety and four depression measures a total of nine anxiety and 12 depression measures were appraised. ResultsĮlectronic searches identified 98 records, from which five anxiety and eight depression measures were retrieved. Then, their psychometric properties appraised against the COSMIN checklist. All retrieved PROMs were mapped against Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 criteria for anxiety and depression to assess content coverage. In addition to the electronic searches, PROM databases were searched for additional measures of anxiety and depression. Records were screened for eligibility by one reviewer and 10% cross-checked by a second across all stages of the review. Searches were limited to this period to account for advances in cancer treatment. We searched five electronic databases between July 2007 to July 2019 for studies assessing anxiety and depression in HNC patients. This review aims to: i) identify patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) designed to assess anxiety and depression in HNC and ii) determine their suitability for use in research and clinical practice to screen patients. Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients face particular challenges that may contribute to distress. Depression and anxiety are commonly underdiagnosed and undertreated in cancer patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(3), 311-318.A cancer diagnosis is potentially life-threatening, likely causing distress and uncertainty, which may be psychologically debilitating. J.& Beck, A.T., (2000) Use of the Beck Depression Inventory with depressed geriatric patients. Psychometric properties of a Persian version of the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory for Iranian college students, Psychological Reports, 59(1), 331-338. The handbook of psychological assessment (2nd ed.). Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77-100. (1988) Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571.īeck, A. (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. 81 for psychiatric and non-psychiatric populations respectively (Beck et al., 1988).īeck, A.T., Ward, C. The BDI demonstrates high internal consistency, with alpha coefficients of. Similar reliabilities have been found for the 13-item short form (Groth-Marnat, 1990). Internal consistency for the BDI ranges from. (See Steer, Rissmiller & Beck, 2000 for information on the clinical utility of the BDI-II.) The BDI takes approximately 10 minutes to complete, although clients require a fifth – sixth grade reading level to adequately understand the questions (Groth-Marnat, 1990). The BDI has been developed in different forms, including several computerized forms, a card form (May, Urquhart, Tarran, 1969, cited in Groth-Marnat, 1990), the 13-item short form and the more recent BDI-II by Beck, Steer & Brown, 1996. Description of Measure: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression (Beck, et al., 1961).
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